瓦斯科达伽马德甲~瓦斯科达伽马死因
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绕过好望角开辟印度的航线
瓦斯科·达伽马 (Vasco da Gama) 第一次前往印度时的网络
(1497-1499)
毫无疑问,瓦斯科达伽马在很大程度上扩展了葡萄牙的贸易网络 。他的第一次印度之旅(1497-1499)对加强东西方关系极为重要。在这次探险中,葡萄牙人第一次接触到了各种各样的民族。绕过好望角发现通往印度的海路,使欧洲、非洲和亚洲更加紧密地联系在一起。
尽管达伽马以第一个通过海上到达印度的欧洲人而闻名,但他也是第一个沿着非洲东部海岸,即所谓的斯瓦希里海岸航行的人。因此,在东非和印度,达伽马为葡萄牙和欧洲在该地区的存在奠定了基础,并持续了几个世纪。在我的研究中,我专注于达伽马在他第一次航行在印度洋世界(非洲和亚洲)期间建立的网络。
无数 历史 学家对达伽马做过研究。其中不可或缺的是 1497-1499 年 Vasco da Gama 第一次航行的日志,最初由一位匿名作者以葡萄牙语撰写。作为目击者的记录,它包含了许多关于达伽马第一次旅行的重要信息。
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图片 1. 瓦斯科·达·伽马 (Vasco da Gama) 由安东尼奥·曼努埃尔·德·丰塞卡 (António Manuel de Fonseca) 绘制,1838 年。格林威治医院收藏。
从十四世纪初开始,葡萄牙人就已经沿着非洲西北部海岸航行。为了避免与阿拉伯经纪人进行交易,他们试图自己建立一条通往拥有巨大黄金储备的马里王国的贸易路线。最终,在 1480 年代,Diogo Cão 是第一个到达刚果河口和今天的纳米比亚的人。他在那里放置了一个所谓的 padrão,一个带有葡萄牙国徽的石十字架。他的继任者将在非洲和亚洲的重要地点采取同样的行动。回到里斯本后,葡萄牙人开始考虑绕非洲航行到达印度。下一个发现者是 Bartolomeu Dias,他于 1488 年绕过好望角,但他无法继续他的旅程,因为他的船员叛乱并迫使他返回葡萄牙。
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图 2. 瓦斯科·达伽马 (Vasco da Gama) 第一次航行的路线。
迪亚斯出征近十年后,葡萄牙国王曼努埃尔一世命令瓦斯科·达伽马航行到印度,并与印度人建立外交和贸易关系。达伽马的三艘船 São Gabriel、São Rafael 和 Bérrio 于 1497 年 7 月离开里斯本。 经过迄今为止最长的穿越公海的旅程,他们于 11 月抵达南非圣赫勒拿湾。在那里他们遇到了科伊科伊人。最初葡萄牙人和科伊科伊人的关系很好,但几天后,这突然结束,双方都开始使用武力。达伽马绕过好望角后,莫塞尔湾也发生了类似的情况。很明显,葡萄牙人无法与科伊科伊人建立持久的关系。
葡萄牙人在更北的地方更成功。在今天的莫桑比克南部,他们在被葡萄牙人称为 Terra da Boa Gente(“好人之地”)和 Rio dos Bons Signaes(“好歌之河”)的地方遇到了人们。后者得名于达伽马意识到他几乎已经到达印度洋广泛的贸易网络 的事实。在 Ilha de Moçambique(“莫桑比克岛”),斯瓦希里海岸最南端的地方之一,葡萄牙人接触到了与阿拉伯半岛、波斯和印度进行贸易的商人。然而,不信任和宗教分歧导致了小规模冲突,葡萄牙人在斯瓦希里海岸声名狼藉。在蒙巴萨,达伽马与当地国王发生了冲突,因此葡萄牙人似乎在东非几乎没有交到任何朋友。尽管如此,马林迪国王对葡萄牙人还是表现出很多好感,可能是因为他与蒙巴萨市发生了冲突。国王为达伽马提供了一名飞行员,他知道如何穿越阿拉伯海到达印度。 4 月 24 日,São Gabriel、São Rafael 和 Bérrio 号带着白色房屋离开马林迪市,启航前往印度。
1498年5月18日,葡萄牙人终于看到了印度的高山。随后他们前往卡利卡特市,在那里他们会面
“来自突尼斯的两个摩尔人,他们会说卡斯蒂利亚语和热那亚语。他(葡萄牙人)收到的第一个问候是这样的话:“愿魔鬼带走你!是什么把你带到这里来的?”他们问他在离家这么远的地方寻找什么,他告诉他们我们是来寻找基督徒和香料的。[……] 听到他的演讲,我们非常惊讶,因为我们从未想过会在这么远的地方听到我们的语言葡萄牙。”
名为“扎莫林”的当地印度教统治者欢迎葡萄牙人友好。在印度逗留期间,葡萄牙人认为印度教是基督教的一种特殊形式,他们将印度人视为潜在的盟友。然而,就像在非洲一样,关系只会变得更糟。印度和阿拉伯商人对葡萄牙商品几乎没有兴趣,三个月后达伽马决定返回里斯本。发生了几次敌对行动,双方都绑架了一些人,但最终葡萄牙人于 8 月离开了。
回程结果是灾难性的。由于疾病达伽马失去了他的数十名手下。三个月后,他终于到达了马林迪,在那里他竖起了一根柱子,以纪念与当地国王的友谊。最终,达伽马的两艘船,其中一艘因缺乏船员而被烧毁,于 1499 年 7 月和 8 月返回葡萄牙。
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图 3. 马林迪的瓦斯科达伽马之柱。
Vasco da Gama 将葡萄牙的贸易网络 从大西洋扩展到印度洋世界。绕过好望角后,达伽马接触了几个民族,这些民族最终或多或少地被纳入了葡萄牙网络。然而,在他第一次去印度的旅程中,达伽马的敌人多于朋友。只有Terra da Boa Gente、Rio dos Bons Signaes 和Malindi 的人们对葡萄牙人表现出善意,而与Khoikhoi、Ilha de Moçambique、蒙巴萨、Calicut 以及数次与水手在印度洋。
在十六世纪,科伊科伊人和莫桑比克南部的人民不会成为葡萄牙网络的一部分,而斯瓦希里海岸的人民、阿拉伯商人和印度人则成为葡萄牙人的重要贸易伙伴。所以实际上葡萄牙人并没有在印度洋世界建立新的网络。他们只是渗透到斯瓦希里海岸和印度现有的网络中。因此,Vasco da Gama 的重要性与其说是在印度洋世界建立新网络,不如说是通过发现好望角周围的海上航线来连接现有网络。
进一步阅读
瓦斯科达伽马第一次航行日志,1497-1499。埃德。例如。拉文斯坦。伦敦:Hakluyt 协会,1898 年。
迪菲,B.W.恩 G.D.葡萄牙帝国的维纽斯基金会,1415-1580 年。明尼阿波利斯:明尼苏达大学出版社,1977 年。
费尔南德斯-阿梅斯托,费利佩。探路者:全球 探索 史。牛津:牛津大学出版社,2006 年。
梅雷迪思,马丁。非洲的财富。财富、贪婪和努力的 5,000 年 历史 。伦敦、纽约、悉尼、多伦多和新德里:Simon & Schuster,2014 年。
苏布拉马尼亚姆,桑杰。瓦斯科达伽马的职业生涯和传奇。剑桥:剑桥大学出版社,1997 年。
大航海时期的著名航海家
哥伦布 大家都知道不讲 迪亚士编辑词条 迪亚士 目录[隐藏]简介生平故事:迪亚士发现好望角故事:老师的启示
Bartholmeu Dias
(约1450年—1500年5月24日) [编辑本段]简介迪亚士(全名:巴尔托洛梅乌·缪·迪亚士),葡萄牙著名的航海家,于1488年春天最早探险至非洲最南端好望角的莫塞尔湾,为后来另一位葡萄牙航海探险家达·伽马开辟通往印度的新航线奠定了坚实的基础。 [编辑本段]生平探险时代背景
13世纪末,威尼斯商人马可·波罗的游记,把东方描绘成遍地黄金、富庶繁荣的乐土,引起了西方到东方寻找黄金的热潮。然而,奥斯曼土耳其帝国的崛起,控制了东西方交通要道,对往来过境的商人肆意征税勒索,加战争和海盗的掠夺,东西方的贸易受到严重阻碍。到15世纪,葡萄牙和西班牙完成了政治统一和中央集权化的过程,他们把开辟到东方的新航路,寻找东方的黄金和香料作为重要的收入来源。这样,两国的商人和封建主就成为世界上第一批殖民航海者。
迪亚士的个人背景及探险动机
迪亚士出生于葡萄牙的一个王族世家,青年时代就喜欢海上的探险活动,曾随船到过西非的一些国家,积累了丰富的航海经验。15世纪80年代以前,很少有人知道非洲大陆的最南端究竟在何处。为了弄明白这一点,许多人雄心勃勃地乘船远航,但结果都没有成功。作为开辟新航路的重要部分,西欧的探险者们对于越过非洲最南端去寻找通往东方的航线产生了极大的兴趣。因此,迪亚士受葡萄牙国王若昂二世委托出发寻找非洲大陆的最南端,以开辟一条往东方的新航路。经过十个月时间的准备后,迪亚士找来了四个相熟的同伴及其兄长一起踏上这次冒险的征途,并于1487年8月从里斯本出发,率领两条武装舰船和一艘补给船,沿着非洲西海岸向南驶去,以弄清非洲最南端的秘密。
航海路线
1487年8月葡萄牙航海家巴托洛梅乌·迪亚士率领一只由3条船组成的探险队出发,目的是沿着非洲西海岸南下,绕过非洲,打开一条通往印度的航路。
迪亚士率船队离开里斯本后,沿着已被他的前几任船长探查过的路线南下。过了南纬22度后,他开始探索欧洲航海家还从未到过的海区。大约在1488年1月初,迪亚士航行到达南纬33度线。1488年2月3日,他到达了今天南非的伊丽莎白港。迪亚士明白自己真的找到通往印度的航线。为了印证自己的想法,他让船队继续向东北方向航行。3天后,他们来到一个伸入海洋很远的地角,迪亚士把它命名为"风暴之角"。后来被葡萄牙国王改名为"好望角"。
迪亚士的事迹
葡萄牙航海家迪亚士接受了葡萄牙国王约翰二世的命令,于1487年7月从里斯本出发,率领两条各载100吨的双桅大帆船,沿着非洲西海岸向南驶去。1488年3月12日,他们在非洲最南端的崖石上刻下了葡萄牙国王若昂二世的名字,以及葡萄牙盾形纹徽、十字架等等,以纪念这一发现。1488年12月,船队在经过一年零五个月的航行之后,安全回到里斯本。这是葡萄牙人探寻新航路的一次突破。葡萄牙国王认识到发现非洲南端的重要性,到东方有了希望,因此命名为好望角。迪亚士受到了国王的嘉奖。
1500年3月9日,迪亚士和另一位航海家卡布拉尔庞大的舰队出发了,它包含有13艘船和1200人,占当时葡萄牙总人口的1‰,虽然与郑和船队的规模不能比,但对照以前的探险少则一条船,多则四条船的规模,可以说是空前的,也反映出国王志在必得的雄心壮志。舰队的指挥官是毫无航海经验的贵族佩德罗·阿尔瓦雷斯·卡布拉尔,发现好望角的迪亚士担任其中一条船的船长。卡布拉尔受命告知卡利卡特的王公关于基督徒与穆斯林之间的世仇。这种世仇使得每个天主教国王都负有对神圣信仰的敌人进行战争的责任。舰队根据达·伽马的建议,远离非洲西南海岸,绕一个弧形向西南方向前进。但这个弧形绕得有点太大了,以至他们到达了南美大陆东部隆起的地方,巴西就这样被发现了。卡布拉尔派一艘船回去报信,余下的船继续航程。1500年5月12日,一些喜欢研究星象判断未来命运的船员船队看见一颗彗星划过天际并朝好望角划去,认为这是灾难降临的预兆。正巧,在经过好望角附近,他们遇到了大风暴,有4艘船被毁和打翻,船上人员全部遇难,其中包括迪亚士,迪亚士曾闯过了印度航线的最艰险的道路,但最终他还是没能到达 达伽马达伽马-人物简介 达伽马瓦斯科·达·伽马(Vasco da gama;约1469年—1524年12月24日)是15世纪末和16世纪初葡萄牙航海家,是开拓了从欧洲绕过好望角通往印度的地理大发现家,也是第一个从海上去印度游历的欧洲人。中文译名多简称他为【达伽马】或【达迦马】,另外在澳门他的名字译作【华士古达嘉马】。由于他实现了从西欧经海路抵达印度这一创举而驰名世界,并被永远载入史册! 达伽马-达伽马的故事 1460年,达·伽马出生于葡萄牙一个名望显赫的贵族家庭,其父也是一名出色的航海探险家,曾受命于国王诺昂二世的派遣从事过开辟通往亚洲海路的探险活动,几经挫折,宏大的抱负竟未如愿以偿而却溘然去世了。达·伽马的哥哥巴乌尔也是一名终生从事航海生涯的船长,曾随同达·伽马从事1497年的探索印度的海上活动。为此,达·伽马是一名青少年时代受过航海训练,出生于航海世家的贵族子弟。1492年哥伦布率领的西班牙船队发现美洲新大陆的消息传遍了西欧。面对西班牙将称霸于海上的挑战,葡萄牙王室决心加快抓紧探索通往印度的海上活动。于继父业,葡萄牙王室将这一重大政治使命交给了年富力强,富有冒险精神的贵族子弟达·伽马。在1497年7月8日驾驶了4艘船启程。由葡萄牙里斯本往非洲的黄金海岸航行。1499年9月,达伽马回到了葡萄牙,由于他突破了葡萄牙在80年来一直期盼的海线拓展,使他受到奖励并成为了一位富商,并被赐尊称为「印度洋上的海军上将」。1524年,达伽马在印度已有「武力至上的问题调停者」的可怕称呼,他派遣了更多军舰到东非和西印度,企图替换当地的无能统治者EduardodeMenezes,并取得他的葡萄牙领地,但达伽马抵达印度卡里卡特不久后就过逝了,他被火化后埋在印度Kochi的圣弗朗西斯教堂,1539年才被运回葡萄牙,重葬在维第格拉Vidiqueira。后世史家认为达伽马是在航海家亨利之后唯一成功开拓葡萄牙海上贸易的探险家,除了他首先连起非洲与亚洲的航线,他对于政治和战争的精明也使得葡萄牙取得海上贸易角头的地位,葡萄牙文学中「全国史诗」nationalepic,就有相当一部份在描写达伽马的远航。
四个航海家是谁
瓦斯科达伽马 Vasco da Gama(1469-1524)
葡萄牙航海家
1497年,达伽马奉葡萄牙国王之命,率领四艘船从里斯本南部海港出发,先列过非洲南部的好望角,再航向印度洋。
1498年4月,远征队抵达肯尼亚,在一位阿拉伯领航员的帮助下,安全横越印度洋。5月20日终抵达印度西岸重镇科泽科德。
惊讶于印度的繁荣富庶和异国风光的达伽马,再于1502年及1524年,以同样航线从欧洲到印度。
哥伦布 Christopher Columbus(1451-1506)
意大利航海家
当人们认识地球是圆的之后,却没人想过如何渡过它,哥伦布却到各国游说,希望得到支持进行西航的探险。
他打动当时野心勃勃的西班牙国王,给他三艘帆船和物资,带领120人,于1492年8月3日从洛斯港启航。
在茫茫无头绪的大西洋上,哥伦布焦急地等待大陆的出现。终于,在69天后到达中美洲的巴哈马群岛。船队在1493年1月15日启航回国,并只用了60天就走完航程,结束发现新大陆之旅。
詹姆士库克James Cook(1728-1779)
英国探险家
在公元1768年至1771年受命英国海军总部和皇家学会,首次航至南太平洋,于1769年发现大溪地。
公元1778,库克船长所指挥的「决心 号」与「发现号」发现了夏威夷,并在考艾岛(Kauai)登陆。
麦哲伦Ferdinand Magellan(约1480-1521)
葡萄牙航海家和探险家
先后为葡萄牙(1505—1512)和西班牙(1519—1521)作航海探险。从西班牙出发,绕过南美洲,发现麦哲伦海峡,再横渡太平洋。虽在菲律宾被杀,其船只继续西航回到西班牙,完成第一次环球航行,是目前被认为首位环球一周的人。
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Vasco da Gama
Vasco da GamaVasco da Gama ,born c. 1469 at Sines or Vidigueira, Alentejo, Portugal; died December 24, 1524 in Kochi, India) was a Portuguese explorer, one of the most successful in the European Age of Discovery, and the first person to sail directly from Europe to India.
Commissioned by King Manuel I of Portugal to find Christian lands in the East (the King, like many Europeans, was under the impression that India was the legendary Christian Kingdom of Prester John), and to gain Portuguese access to the mercial markets of the Orient, da Gama extended the sea route exploration of his predecessor Bartolomeu Dias, who had first rounded Africa's Cape of Good Hope in 1488, culminating a generation of Portuguese sea exploration fostered by the nautical school of Henry the Navigator.
Da Gama's voyage was successful in establishing a sea route from Europe to India that would permit trade with the Far East, without the use of the costly and unsafe Silk Road caravan routes, of the Middle East and Central Asia. However, the voyage was also hampered by its failure to bring any trade goods of interest to the nations of Asia Minor and India. The route was fraught with peril: only 54 of his 170 voyagers, and o of four ships, returned to Portugal in 1499. Nevertheless, da Gama's initial journey led directly to a several-hundred year era of European domination through sea power and merce, and 450 years of Portuguese coloniali *** in India that brought wealth and power to the Portuguese throne.
First voyage
On 18 July1497 the fleet, consisting of four ships, left Li *** on. Its ships were:
The São Gabriel, manded by Vasco da Gama; a carrack of 178 tons, length 27m , width 8.5 m, draft 2.3 m, sails of 372 m², 150 crew
The São Rafael, whose mander was his brother Paulo da Gama; similar dimensions to the São Gabriel
The caravel Berrio, slightly *** aller than the former o (later re-baptized São Miguel), manded by Nicolau Coelho.
A storage ship of unknown name, manded by Gonçalo Nunes, later lost near the Bay of São Brás, along the east coast of Africa.
Rounding the Cape
By December 16, the fleet had passed the White River, South Africa where Dias had turned back, and continued on into waters unknown to Europeans. With Christmas pending, they gave the coast they were passing the name Natal (Christmas in Portuguese),
Mozambique
By January, they had reached modern-day Mozambique, Arab-controlled territory on the East African coast that was part of the Indian Ocean's neork of trade. Fearing the local population would be hostile to Christians, da Gama impersonated a Muslim and gained audience with the Sultan of Mozambique. With the paltry trade goods he had to offer, da Gama was unable to provide a suitable gift to the ruler, and soon the local populace began to see through the subterfuge of da Gama and his men. Forced to quit Mozambique by a hostile crowd, da Gama departed the harbor, firing his cannon into the city in retaliation [1].
Mombasa
In the vicinity of modern Kenya, the expedition resorted to piracy, looting Arab merchant ships - generally unarmed trading vessels without heavy cannon. The Portuguese became the first known Europeans to visit the port of Mombasa, but were met with hostility, and soon departed.
Malindi
Da Gama continued north, landing at the friendlier port of Malindi, whose leaders were in conflict with those of Mombasa; and there the expedition first noted evidence of Indian traders. They contracted the services of Ibn Majid, an Arab navigator and cartographer, whose knowledge of the monsoon winds allowed him to bring the expedition the rest of the way to Calicut (modern Kozhikode) on the southwest coast of India.
India
They arrived in India on 20 May, 1498. Sometimes violent negotiations with the local ruler (usually anglicized as Zamorin), the Wyatt Enourato ensued, in the teeth of resistance from Arab merchants. Eventually da Gama was able to gain an ambiguous letter of concession for trading rights, but had to sail off without warning after the Zamorin insisted da Gama leave all his goods as collateral. Da Gama kept his goods, but left a few Portuguese with orders to start a trading post.
Return
Vasco da Gama lands at Calicut, May 20, 1498Paulo da Gama died in the Azores on the homeward voyage, but on Vasco da Gama's return to Portugal in September 1499, he was richly rewarded as the man who had brought to fruition a plan that had taken eighty years. He was given the title "Admiral of the Indian Ocean", and the feudal rights over Sines were confirmed. He also was awarded the title Dom (count) by Manuel I.
Da Gama's voyage had made it clear that the farther (East) coast of Africa, the Contra Costa, was essential to Portuguese interests: its ports provided fresh water and provisions, timber and harbors for repairs, and a region to wait out unfavorable seasons. Also the spice modity would prove to be a major contribution to the Portuguese economy.
Second voyage
On 12 February 1502, da Gama again sailed with a fleet of enty warships, to enforce Portuguese interests. Pedro Álvares Cabral had been sent to India o years earlier (when he accidentally discovered Brazil, though some claim it was intentional), and finding that those at the trading post had been murdered, and encountering further resistance, he had bombarded Calicut. He also brought back silk and gold to prove he had been to India once again.
At one point, da Gama waited for a ship to return from Mecca, and seized all the merchandise; they then locked the 380 passengers in the hold and set the ship on fire. It took four days for the ship to sink, killing all men, women, and children[2].
Da Gama assaulted and exacted tribute from the Arab-controlled port of Kilwa in East Africa, one of those ports involved in frustrating the Portuguese; he played privateer amongst Arab merchant ships, then finally *** ashed a Calicut fleet of enty-nine ships, and essentially conquered that port city[citation needed]. In return for peace, he received valuable trade concessions and a vast quantity of plunder, putting him in extremely good favor with the Portuguese crown.
On his return to Portugal, he was made Count of Vidigueira out of lands previously belonging to the future royal Bragança family. He was also awarded feudal rights and jurisdiction over Vidigueira and Vila dos Frades.
Third voyage
Having acquired a fearsome reputation as a "fixer" of problems that arose in India, he was sent to the subcontinent once more in 1524. The intention was that he was to replace the inpetent Eduardo de Menezes as viceroy (representative) of the Portuguese possessions, but he contracted malaria not long after arriving in at Goa and died in the city of Cochin on Christmas Eve in 1524. His body was first buried at St. Francis Church, Fort Kochi, Kochi, then later his remains were returned to Portugal in 1539 and re-interred in Vidigueira in a splendid tomb. The Monastery of the Hieronymites in Belém was erected in honor of his voyage to India. Religious intoleranceVasco da Gama initiated the religious persecution ,which his successors carried on till the very end of Coloniali *** . He brought monks along with him in his journeys to preach. He showed extreme cruelty to the Muslims and the Hindu inhabitants of the land.He did not spare even the native christians .
Da Gama and his wife, Catarina de Ataíde, had six sons and one daughter: Francisco da Gama, Conde da Vidigueira; Estevão da Gama; Paulo da Gama; Cristovão da Gama; Pedro da Silva da Gama; Alvaro de Athaide; and Isabel de Athaide da Gama.
As much as anyone after Henry the Navigator, da Gama was responsible for Portugal's success as an early colonizing power. Besides the first voyage itself, it was his astute mix of politics and war on the other side of the world that placed Portugal in a prominent position in Indian Ocean trade. The Portuguese national epic, the Lusíadas of Luís Vaz de Camões largely concerns Vasco da Gama's voyages.
Following da Gama's initial voyage, the Portuguese crown realized that securing outposts on the eastern coast of Africa would prove vital to maintaining their trade routes to the Far East.
The port city of Vasco da Gama in Goa is named for him, as is the Vasco da Gama crater, a big crater on the Moon. There are three football clubs in Brazil (including Club de Regatas Vasco da Gama) and Vasco Sports Club in Goa that were also named after him. A church in Kochi, Kerala Vasco da Gama Church, a private residence on the island of Saint Helena and Vasco da Gama Bridge are also named after him.
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