导读3分钟英文介绍迈克尔杰克逊答Michael Joseph Jackson (1958 8 29 - June 25, 2009), is a well-known American musicians, dancers, an outstanding humanist and artist, known as the King of Pop is the pop music world the history of the g...

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3分钟英文介绍迈克尔杰克逊

3分钟英文介绍迈克尔杰克逊

答Michael Joseph Jackson (1958 8 29 - June 25, 2009), is a well-known American musicians, dancers, an outstanding humanist and artist, known as the King of Pop is the pop music world the history of the greatest and most influential musicians, pop culture and the representative figures. His unique contribution to nearly half a century, deeply to promote and influence the development of popular music into pop music into a peak. At the same time as a complete artist, not only in music, Jackson has a remarkable achievement, in the dance, stage performances, fashion, etc. all have a unique contribution and extraordinary influence, is widely considered the greatest artist in history as one.

He is a great music all-rounder, in the lyricist, composer, scene production, arrangement, singing, dancing, playing musical instruments, etc. all have outstanding achievements. He, as lead singer and youngest member of the 1964 debut The jackson 5 band, and later in 1971 began a successful solo career. His 1982 album "Thriller", is the world's No. 1 selling album, with a total record sales have reached 110 million. Other album "Off The Wall" (1979 Nian), "BAD" (1987 Nian), "Dangerous" (1991), and the "HIStory" (1995 years) are also among the ranks of the world's 100 largest-selling album. The most famous song in the history of public service "We Are the World" is precisely the kind he and Lionel Richie co-creation complete. He created the modern MV, the music video from a propaganda tool to convert a story with a musical form of expression. Single "Thriller" music video is the world's first modern MV, known in the history of "the greatest music video," an unprecedented increase in MTV's position in the modern music industry, MTV is now a modern form of this kind of music is almost all over the modern pop music has been widely used. This year has been regarded as "cultural, historical and artistic importance value" of the "Thriller" became the first one by the United States maintained by the Library of Congress Jane MV. Single, "Beat it" the first time R & B and hard rock successfully integrate such an excellent fusion of cross-border mode of music has changed the face of pop music has now transformed into an indispensable Dictionary of Popular Music a part of. "Billie Jean" music video in history to make MJ the first appears in the MTV television black singer and destroyed stretches of commercial radio stations where several generations of apartheid. Jackson to promote the complex modern dance techniques, such as machinery dance and walk on the moon. His unique music, sound, singing, dancing, extends around the world, breaking the cultural, ethnic, economic and age barriers, incentives and influenced countless pop, rock, R & B, hip hop artist.

Jackson has received Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award, as one of the few artists, three of the Rock Hall of Fame selection, he also received a number of Guinness Book of World Records, including the 2006 Guinness Book of World Records issued a new certificate: history of the world's most successful artist. Has 15 Grammy Awards, 26 American Music Awards (American Music Awards history, the most award-winning artists, including "artists, one of the century"), has 17 scored champion in the U.S. billboard singles (including four as The jackson 5 band members during the song). At the same time that he personally has been the world's 215 million album sales certification, the world's total album sales of 854 million records (this data results in 2009) also make him a music history's best-selling solo singer. He is also the world's largest number of fans of the singer, a prominent philanthropist and humanist, the world's personal contributions to charity on behalf of the largest artist (he is a people support the world's 39 rescue Charitable Foundation). Jackson's personal life has also sparked controversy for many years, his nose, and skin color changes (due to suffering from vitiligo and white) has been media coverage. He married twice, respectively in 1994 and 1996, and has three children. Michael Jackson at the time the United States June 25, 2009 due to excessive injection of propofol into a deep coma and drugs such as doctors, were unable to save the afternoon, was pronounced dead, died at the age of 50. During his lifetime was originally scheduled for July 13 the same year began comeback concert, initially expected 10 concert tickets sold out within hours, followed by encore to 50 games, a total of 1.15 million votes, the other 40 tickets were in the open tickets sold out within four hours, but the concert with Michael Jackson, his passing behind schedule Kai Chang. Los Angeles Police Department homicide ruled his death. His death shocked the world, memorial service attracted more than 30 billion viewers worldwide.

迈克尔·约瑟夫·杰克逊（1958年8月29日 - 2009年6月25日），是美国著名音乐家、舞蹈家、杰出的人道主义者和艺人，被誉为流行音乐之王，是流行音乐界历史上最伟大、最有影响力的音乐家，流行文化的代表性人物。他接近半个世纪独特贡献，深深推动并影响着流行音乐的发展，把流行音乐推向了巅峰。同时作为一名全面的艺术家，杰克逊不仅在音乐方面有着卓越成就，在舞蹈、舞台表演、时尚等方面都有着独特的贡献和非凡的影响力，被广泛认为是历史上最伟大的艺人之一。

他是出色的音乐全才，在作词、作曲、场景制作、编曲、演唱、舞蹈、乐器演奏等方面都有着卓越的成就。他作为主唱和最年轻的成员，在1964年首次亮相The jackson 5乐队，后来又于1971年成功开始独唱生涯。他1982年的专辑《Thriller》，是世界销量第一的专辑，总唱片销量已达1.1亿张。其他专辑《Off The Wall》（1979年），《BAD》（1987年），《Dangerous》（1991年），和《HIStory》（1995年）也同样跻身世界百大畅销专辑行列。史上最著名公益单曲《We Are the World》正是由他与莱昂纳尔·里奇共同创作完成的。他开创了现代MV，把音乐视频从宣传工具转换成一种带有音乐故事情节的表达形式。单曲《Thriller》的音乐录像带是全球第一支现代MV，被誉为史上“最伟大的音乐录像带”，空前提升了MTV在现代音乐工业的地位，如今现代MTV这种音乐形式几乎遍布整个现代流行音乐界被广泛运用。今年被视为有着“文化、历史和艺术上的重要价值”的《Thriller》成为第一个被美国国会图书馆珍存的MV。单曲《Beat it》首次将R&B与硬摇滚成功地进行融合，这种极佳的跨界音乐互融模式，改变了流行乐的面貌，如今已转变成了流行音乐辞典中不可或缺的一部分。《Billie Jean》音乐录影带使MJ成为历史上第一个出现在MTV电视台上的黑人歌手，摧毁了商业电台里绵延数个世代的种族隔离。杰克逊推广技巧复杂的现代舞，例如机械舞和月球漫步。他独特的音乐、声音、唱腔、舞蹈，向世界各地延伸，打破了文化、种族、经济、时代的隔阂，激励与影响了无数流行、摇滚、R&B、hip hop艺术家。

杰克逊已获得格莱美终生成就奖，作为为数不多的艺术家之一，三次入选了摇滚名人堂，他还获得了多个吉尼斯世界纪录，包括2006年吉尼斯世界纪录颁发的一个最新认证：世界历史上最成功的艺术家。拥有15座格莱美奖、26座全美音乐奖（全美音乐奖历史上获奖最多的艺人，包括“世纪艺术家之一”）、拥有17首美国billboard榜冠军单曲（包括四首作为The jackson 5乐队成员时期的歌曲）。同时他个人已有全球2.15亿专辑销量认证，全球8.54亿总唱片销量的记录（此数据为2009年统计结果）也使他成为音乐史上最畅销的独唱歌手。他也是世界上拥有最多歌迷的歌手，一位杰出的慈善家和人道主义者，全世界以个人名义捐助慈善事业最多的艺人（他一个人支持了世界上39个慈善救助基金会）。同时杰克逊个人生活多年来一直引发争论，他的鼻子变化和肤色（因患有白癜风而变白）一直被媒体争相报道。他结过两次婚，分别在1994年和1996年，并有三个孩子。迈克尔杰克逊于美国时间2009年6月25日因被注射过量异丙酚等药物陷入深度昏迷送入医，下午抢救无效，被宣告死亡，终年50岁。生前原定于同年7月13日开始的复出演唱会，最初预计10场演唱会门票在数小时内销售一空，随后加演到50场，总共115万张票，其他四十场门票都在开放售票的四小时内全部售罄，但演唱会随迈克尔·杰克逊的逝去未能如期开唱。洛杉矶警方裁定他的死系他杀。他的死震惊了全球，追思会吸引了全球30多亿观众。

如果长了 你 自己适当的删减点

求迈克尔杰克逊的英文介绍（最好配上中文翻译）

答Michael Joseph Jackson (born August 29, 1958) is an American musician, entertainer and businessman. The seventh child of the Jackson family, he debuted on the professional music scene at the age of 11 as a member of The Jackson 5 and began a solo career in 1971 while still a member of the group. Referred to as the "King of Pop" in subsequent years, five of his solo studio albums have become some of the world's best-selling records: Off the Wall (1979), Thriller (1982), Bad (1987), Dangerous (1991) and HIStory (1995). In the early 1980s, he became a dominant figure in popular music and the first African-American entertainer to amass a strong crossover following on MTV. The popularity of his music videos airing on MTV, such as "Beat It", "Billie Jean" and Thriller—credited for transforming the music video into an art form and a promotional tool—helped bring the relatively new channel to fame. Videos such as "Black or White" and "Scream" kept Jackson as a staple on MTV "Scream" kept Jackson as a staple on MTV into the 1990s. With stage performances and music videos, Jackson popularized a number of physically complicated dance techniques, such as the robot and the moonwalk. His distinctive musical sound and vocal style influenced numerous hip hop, pop and contemporary R&B artists. Jackson has donated and raised millions of dollars for beneficial causes through his Dangerous World Tour, charity singles and support of 39 charities. However, other aspects of his personal life—including his changing appearance and eccentric behavior—generated significant controversy which damaged his public image. He was accused of child sexual abuse in 1993, the criminal investigation was closed due to lack of evidence and Jackson was not charged. He then married twice and fathered three children, all of which caused further controversy. The singer has experienced health concerns since the early 1990s and conflicting reports regarding the state of his finances since the late 1990s. In 2005, Jackson was tried and acquitted of further sexual abuse allegations and several other charges. One of the few artists to have been inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame twice, his other achievements include multiple Guinness World Records—including one for Thriller as the world's best-selling album—13 Grammy Awards, 13 number one singles in his solo career—more than any other male artist in the Hot 100 era—and the sale of over 750 million units worldwide. Jackson's highly publicized personal life, coupled with his successful career, has made him a part of popular culture for almost four decades. In recent years he has been cited as one of the world's most famous men.

迈克尔·约瑟夫·杰克逊（英语：Michael Joseph Jackson，1958年8月29日－ ），生于美国印地安那州加里市，美国著名Pop歌手、作曲家、舞蹈家、唱片制作人。1960与70年代他以杰克逊5人组乐队的主唱开始了他的音乐历程，并于1979年开始了个人独唱生涯，终于成为历史上最成功的歌手之一。至今他已在全世界销售了约7.5亿张唱片，他的《颤抖》（Thriller）音乐专辑更是人类有史以来销量最高的唱片，全球销量逼近1.05亿张。迈克尔一般被与猫王、披头四两组歌手并列为近代乐史上最伟大的不朽象征，并被誉为“流行音乐之王”(King of Pop)。杰克逊演唱事业的成功使他获得了全世界众多歌迷的支持与喜爱，包括他的歌曲和标志性的舞步。然而，近年来媒体更感兴趣的却是他肤色的变化和怪僻的生活方式。 杰克逊曾获得许多音乐奖项，包括18届格莱美奖。他在美国共创造了13首冠军单曲。单曲"Thriller"的音乐录像带被誉为全世界“最伟大的音乐录像带”之一，并在音乐录像带的艺术性上“前进了一大步”。MTV台 和滚石杂志最近将他的四首歌曲："Billie Jean"（第5名），杰克逊5人组的"I Want You Back"（第9名），"Beat It"（第23名）及"Rock with You"（第82名）选入“有史以来最受欢迎的100首流行歌曲”阵容。 除了他在音乐上辉煌的成就，迈克尔·杰克逊还被斯里兰卡的《星期日时报页面星期日时报 (斯里兰卡)并不存在，英语维基百科对应页面为The Sunday Times (Sri Lanka)。》称为“慈善之王”，直至2006年，捐款达三亿美元。

中文有所删减希望是你要的

求美国巨星迈克杰克逊英文简介(中英文对照更好)

答Michael Joseph Jackson (Michael Joseph Jackson, on August 29, 1958 - June 25 of 2009), was the personages with symbolic pop culture in world, have extremely high popularity and enormous influence in the whole world, praised as the king (King of Pop) of the pop.

He outstanding music versatile person, in write words, compose music, scene made, compose music, sing, dance, musical instrument play respect have remarkable achievement, he call as pop great immortal symbol most at the history jointly with cat king, unkempt person, the two after and its achievement has already been surmounted.

The music video-tape of the single song " Thriller " is the first modern MV in the world, praised as " greatest music video-tape " in the history,

He has the sales volume first of the special edition " Thriller " in the world, the sales volume has already been up to 110 million one [4 ], its global sales volume of legal special edition has already exceeded 794 million, written into " complete works of Guiness Book of Records ". He is the first artist selling more than one hundred million records beyond U.S.A. in music history.

中文：

迈克尔·约瑟夫·杰克逊（Michael Joseph Jackson，1958年8月29日－2009年6月25日），是世界流行文化象征性的人物，在全世界都拥有着极高的知名度与巨大的影响力，被誉为流行音乐之王（King of Pop）。

他是出色的音乐全才，在作词，作曲，场景制作，编曲，演唱，舞蹈，乐器演奏方面都有着卓越的成就，他与猫王、披头士并称流行乐史上最伟大的不朽象征，而其成就已超越后两者。

单曲《Thriller》的音乐录像带为全球第一支现代MV，被誉为史上“最伟大的音乐录像带”，

他拥有世界销量第一的专辑《Thriller》，销量已达1.1亿[4]张， 其正版专辑全球销量已超过7.94亿张，被载入“吉尼斯世界记录大全”。他是音乐史上第一位在美国以外卖出上亿张唱片的艺术家。

迈克杰克逊英文简介(要有中文翻译)

答【英文全名】：Michael Joseph Jackson

【大陆译名】：迈克尔·约瑟夫·杰克逊，迈克尔·杰克逊

【香港译名】：米高积逊 ，米高积臣，

【台湾译名】：麦可·杰克森

【歌迷昵称】：神，国王，迈迈，MJ，傻迈，迈神，老迈，MICHAEL

【个人身高】：5英尺10英寸 (约178公分)

【个人体重】：130磅（60公斤左右）

【所属血型】：A型

【所属星座】：处女座

【视 力】：远视

【 瞳孔色 】：深棕

【发 色】：黑色

【鞋 码】：美国10号(欧洲:42)

【信 仰】：幼年 耶和华见证会 ，中年 伊斯兰教

【出生日期】：1958年8月29日00:13（即午夜12:13）

【出生地点】：美国 印第安纳州 加里市 Jackson街21号（Gary, Indiana, USA）

【逝世时间】：北京时间2009年6月26日 5:26；美国洛杉矶时间25日14:26 享年50岁

【逝世地点】：洛杉矶荷尔贝山(Holmby Hills)家中

【学 历】：毕业于美国黑人联合大学。并于1988年获得了有色人种联合大学基金会(UNCF)颁发的Fisk大学人道文学博士荣誉学位。

【职 业】：歌唱家、舞蹈家、歌曲作者、歌词作者、唱片制作人、编舞、演员、导演、企业家、慈善家

【音乐风格】：New Jack Swing（新杰克摇摆舞曲），Club/Dance（俱乐部舞曲），Pop/Rock（流行/摇滚）

Motown（摩顿黑人音乐），Urban（都市流行），Funk（放克），R&B（节奏布鲁斯）

【歌唱特色】：假声，痉挛，活力，热情，伤感，警醒，快乐，自信，丰富，时髦，真诚，盛典，神秘，口技

【舞蹈风格】：现代舞、太空步、机械舞、霹雳舞、踢踏舞、45度倾斜 魔鬼舞

【偶 像】：1、Charlie Chaplin（查理-卓别林，好莱坞默片时代最伟大的戏剧大师）

2、Fred Astaire（弗雷德-阿斯泰尔，好莱坞歌舞片巨星，一代舞王）

3、Gene Kelly（金-凯利，亦是好莱坞歌舞片巨星，踢踏舞王）

4、Berry Gordy（白瑞-葛迪，向世界推广黑人文化和音乐的Motown唱片公司创办人和前总裁）

5、Quincy Jones（昆西-琼斯，超级黑人制作人，创作家，音乐家）

6、沃尔特-迪斯尼（Walt Disney，世界动画电影之父）

7、Three Stooges（“三个伙计”，即是Moe、Larry、Curly，他们与自己的经典作品——系列喜剧《三个伙计》联系在一起。在五、六十年代的美国，《三个伙计》是人们生活的一部分，伴随了整整一代人的成长。他们疯狂夸张的表演、经常被折磨得死去活来的狼狈样子，给人们带去了无尽的快乐。甚至，《三个伙计》在美国已成为了一种文化现象，影片中你可以一窥到三、四十年代美国的社会变迁和人事百态。其史无前例跨越三十五年的制作过程，还可堪称为美国早期电影发展的编年史……）

【兴趣爱好】：阅读、油画、素描、武术（功夫、柔道、空手道）舞蹈、游乐园、旅行、购物、看电影

【收集爱好】：油画、雕塑、电影大事记、古董服饰

【关爱事物】：儿童（尤其是身患绝症以及贫穷的儿童），动物，环境，和平。

【所出书籍】：自传《月球漫步者》(Moonwalker)（1988）散文诗集《梦舞诗话》(Dancing The Dream)（1992）

[编辑本段]亲属

父 母

父亲：Joseph Jackson 乔· 杰克逊 （出生日期：1929年7月26日）

母亲：Katherine Jackson 凯瑟琳·杰克逊 （出生日期：1930年5月4日）

兄 弟

大哥：Jackie 又名Sigmund Esco杰基 （出生日期：1951年5月4日) ）

二哥：Tito又名Toriano Adaryl l提托 （出生日期：1953年10月15日)

三哥：Jermaine又名Lajaun 杰梅恩 （出生日期：1954年12月11日)

四哥：Marlon David 马龙 (出生日期：1957年3月12日)

大姐：Rebbie又名Maureen Reilette瑞比（出生日期：1950年5月29日)

二姐：LaToya Yvonne 拉托亚 (出生日期：1956年5月29日)

小弟：Randy又名Steven Randall兰迪 （出生日期：1961年10月31日)

小妹：Janet Damita Jo 珍妮（出生日期：1966年5月16日）

婚 姻

第一任妻子：Lisa Marie Presley 莉莎 (1994年5月26日——1996年1月)

[附注：Lisa Marie Presley出生于1968年，职业为歌手，是“猫王”Elvis Presley的独生女。她在同MJ婚姻之前曾同音乐人Danny有过一段婚姻并育有一子一女。]

第二任妻子：Deborah Rowe 黛比·罗 (1996年11月14日——1999年10月)

[附注：Deborah Rowe，又称Debbie Rowe ，出生于1960年，德国同爱尔兰混血，金发碧眼，职业为皮肤科护士。她在MJ婚姻之前曾同一名职业为中学教师的男子有过7年婚姻,但无子嗣。]

子 女

长子：王子 Prince Michael Jackson, Jr 普里斯·迈克尔 出生日期：1997年2月13日 Debbie Rowe所生

长女：巴黎 Paris Michael Katherine Jackson 帕里斯·凯瑟琳 出生日期：1998年4月3日 Debbie Rowe所生

次子：毯毯 Prince Michael Jackson II 普里斯·迈克尔二世 出生日期：2002年3月6日 生母不详

教子：Michael Gibb (“Bee Gees”乐队成员 Barry Gibb的儿子 )

2009年8月3日美国加利福尼亚州洛杉矶县高等法院作出裁决已故流行歌王迈克尔·杰克逊之母正式获得三名孙子女监护权。

迈克尔·杰克逊 前妻 黛比·罗（Deborah Rowe ）获得对自己一对亲生儿女的探视权。

帮我迈克尔杰克逊的英文介绍

答Michael Joseph Jackson (born August 29, 1958) is an American recording artist, entertainer, and businessman. The seventh child of the Jackson family, he debuted on the professional music scene at the age of 11 as a member of The Jackson 5 and began a solo career in 1971 while still a member of the group. Referred to as the "King of Pop" in subsequent years, five of his solo studio albums have become some of the world's best-selling records: Off the Wall (1979), Thriller (1982), Bad (1987), Dangerous (1991) and HIStory (1995).

In the early 1980s, he became a dominant figure in popular music and the first African-American entertainer to amass a strong crossover following on MTV. The popularity of his music videos airing on MTV, such as "Beat It", "Billie Jean" and Thriller—credited for transforming the music video into an art form and a promotional tool—helped bring the relatively new channel to fame. Videos such as "Black or White" and "Scream" kept Jackson as a staple on MTV into the 1990s. With stage performances and music videos, Jackson popularized a number of physically complicated dance techniques, such as the robot and the moonwalk. His distinctive musical sound and vocal style influenced numerous hip hop, pop and contemporary R&B artists.

Jackson has donated and raised millions of dollars for beneficial causes through his Dangerous World Tour, charity singles and support of 39 charities. However, other aspects of his personal life—including his changing appearance and eccentric behavior—generated significant controversy which damaged his public image. Though he was accused of child sexual abuse in 1993, the criminal investigation was closed due to lack of evidence and Jackson was not charged. He then married twice and fathered three children, all of which caused further controversy. The singer has experienced health concerns since the early 1990s and conflicting reports regarding the state of his finances since the late 1990s. In 2005, Jackson was tried and acquitted of further sexual abuse allegations and several other charges.

One of the few artists to have been inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame twice, his other achievements include multiple Guinness World Records—including one for Thriller as the world's best-selling album—13 Grammy Awards, 13 number one singles in his solo career—more than any other male artist in the Hot 100 era—and the sale of over 750 million units worldwide. Jackson's highly publicized personal life, coupled with his successful career, has made him a part of popular culture for almost four decades. He has been cited as one of the world's most famous men.

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Joseph Banks

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For clothier, see JoS. A. Bank Clothiers.

Joseph Banks

Born 13 February 1743

30 Argyll Street, London

Died 19 June 1820

London, England

Nationality United Kingdom

Fields Botany

Alma mater University of Oxford

Known for Endeavour voyage

Influences Israel Lyons

Author abbreviation (botany) Banksia

Sir Joseph Banks, 1st Baronet, GCB, PRS (13 February 1743 – 19 June 1820) was an English naturalist, botanist and patron of the natural sciences. He took part in Captain James Cook's first great voyage (1768–1771).[1] Banks is credited with the introduction to the Western world of eucalyptus, acacia, mimosa, and the genus named after him, Banksia. Approximately 80 species of plants bear Banks's name. Banks was also the leading founder of the African Association, a British organization dedicated to the exploration of Africa.

Contents [hide]

1 Biography

1.1 Newfoundland and Labrador

1.2 Endeavour voyage

1.3 Later life

2 Legacy

3 Notes

4 References

4.1 Primary resource

4.2 Secondary resources

4.2.1 Select unpublished monographs

4.2.2 Fiction

5 See also

6 External links

[edit] Biography

A portrait of Banks painted in 1757, the artist is unknown but the painting has been attributed to Lemuel Francis Abbott or Johann Zoffany; the print under his right hand is a botanical illustration.[2]Banks was born in London to the wealthy William Banks, a prosperous Lincolnshire country squire and member of the House of Commons, and his wife Sarah, daughter of William Bate. Joseph was educated at Harrow School from the age of 9, and at Eton College from 1756; his fellow students included Constantine John Phipps. As a boy Banks enjoyed exploring the Lincolnshire countryside, and developed a keen interest in nature, history and botany. When he was 17 he was inoculated with smallpox, but he became ill and did not return to school. In late 1760 he was enrolled as a gentleman-commoner at Oxford University. At Oxford he matriculated at Christ Church, where his studies were largely focused on natural history rather than the classical curriculum. Determined to receive botanical instruction, he paid the Cambridge botanist Israel Lyons to deliver a series of lectures at Oxford in 1764.[3]

Banks left Oxford for Chelsea in December 1763. He continued to attend the university until 1764, but left that year without taking a degree. His father had died in 1761, so when he turned 21 he inherited the impressive estate of Revesby Abbey, in Lincolnshire, becoming the local squire and magistrate, and sharing his time between Lincolnshire and London. From his mother's home in Chelsea he kept up his interest in science by attending the Chelsea Physic Garden of the Worshipful Society of Apothecaries and the British Museum, where he met Daniel Solander. He began to make friends among the scientific men of his day and to correspond with Carl Linnaeus, whom he came to know through Solander. As Banks's influence increased, he became an adviser to King George III and urged the monarch to support voyages of discovery to new lands, hoping to indulge his own interest in botany.

[edit] Newfoundland and Labrador

In 1766 Banks was elected to the Royal Society, and in the same year he accompanied Phipps to Newfoundland and Labrador with a view of studying their natural history. He made his name by publishing the first Linnean descriptions of the plants and animals of Newfoundland and Labrador.[4]

[edit] Endeavour voyage

Satire on Banks titled "The Botanic Macaroni". A macaroni was a pejorative term used for a fashionable dandy in the 18th CenturyBanks was promptly appointed to a joint Royal Navy/Royal Society scientific expedition to the south Pacific Ocean on HM Bark Endeavour, 1768—1771. This was the first of James Cook's voyages of discovery in that region. This voyage went to Brazil, where Banks made the first scientific description of a now common garden plant, bougainvillea (named after Cook's French counterpart, Louis Antoine de Bougainville), and to other parts of South America. The voyage then progressed to Tahiti (where the transit of Venus was observed, the overt purpose of the mission), to New Zealand and to the east coast of Australia, where Cook mapped the coastline and made landfall at Botany Bay (present-day suburban Sydney) and at Endeavour River (near modern Cooktown) in Queensland, where they spent almost seven weeks ashore while the ship was repaired after foundering on the Great Barrier Reef[4]. Banks had become a Freemason before he left England, and is thus held to be the first Freemason known to have been in New Zealand and Australia. While they were in Australia Banks, the Swedish botanist Daniel Solander and the Finnish botanist Dr. Herman Spöring Jr. made the first major collection of Australian flora, describing many species new to science. Almost 800 specimens were illustrated by the artist Sydney Parkinson and appear in Banks's Florilegium, finally published in 35 volumes between 1980 and 1990.

Banks arrived back in England on 12 July 1771 and immediately became famous. He intended to go with Cook on his second voyage, which began on 13 May 1772, but difficulties arose about the accommodation for Banks and his assistants, and he decided not to go. In July of the same year he and Daniel Solander visited the Isle of Wight, the western islands of Scotland and Iceland[4] aboard the Sir Lawrence and returned with many botanical specimens. When he settled in London he began work on his Florilegium. He kept in touch with most of the scientists of his time, and added a fresh interest when he was elected to the Dilettante Society in 1774. He was afterwards secretary of this society from 1778 to 1797. On 30 November 1778 he was elected President of the Royal Society[4], a position he was to hold with great distinction for over 41 years.

In March 1779 Banks married Dorothea, daughter of W. W. Hugesson, and settled in a large house at 32 Soho Square (now occupied by 20th Century Fox). It continued to be his London residence for the remainder of his life. There he welcomed the scientists, students and authors of his period, and many distinguished foreign visitors. His sister Sarah Sophia Banks lived in the house with Banks and his wife. He had as librarian and curator of his collections Solander, Jonas Carlsson Dryander and Robert Brown in succession.

In The great South Sea Caterpillar, transform'd into a Bath Butterfly (1795), James Gillray caricatured Banks's investiture with the Order of the Bath as a result of his expedition.Banks was made a baronet in 1781[4], three years after being elected president of the Royal Society. During much of this time Banks was an informal adviser to King George III on the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, a position that was formalized in 1797. Banks dispatched explorers and botanists to many parts of the world, and through these efforts Kew Gardens became arguably the pre-eminent botanical gardens in the world, with many species being introduced to Europe through them. Banks was directly responsible for several famous voyages, including that of George Vancouver to the northeastern Pacific (Pacific Northwest), and William Bligh's voyages to transplant breadfruit from the South Pacific to the Caribbean Sea islands (the latter brought about the famous Mutiny on the Bounty). The redoubtable Bligh was also appointed governor of New South Wales on Banks's recommendation, which in turn led to the Rum Rebellion of 1808. Banks was also a major financial supporter of William Smith in his decade-long efforts to create a geological map of England, the first-ever geological map of an entire country. Banks also chose Allan Cunningham for voyages to Brazil and the north and northwest coasts of Australia to collect specimens.

It was Banks's own time in Australia, however, that led to his interest in the British colonisation of that continent. He was to be the greatest proponent of settlement in New South Wales, as is hinted by its early colloquial name, Botany Bay. The identification might have been even closer, as the name "Banksia" was proposed for the region by Linnaeus. In the end a genus of Proteaceae was named in his honour as Banksia[4]. In 1779 Banks, giving evidence before a committee of the House of Commons, had stated that in his opinion the place most eligible for the reception of convicts "was Botany Bay, on the coast of New Holland". His interest did not stop there, for when the settlement was made, and for 20 years afterwards, his fostering care and influence was always being exercised. He was in fact the general adviser to the government on all Australian matters. He arranged that a large number of useful trees and plants should be sent out in the supply ship Guardian which, however, was wrecked, and every vessel that came from New South Wales brought plants or animals or geological and other specimens to Banks. He was continually called on for help in developing the agriculture and trade of the colony, and his influence was used in connection with the sending out of early free settlers, one of whom, a young gardener George Suttor, afterwards wrote a memoir of Banks. The three early governors, Arthur Phillip, John Hunter, and Philip Gidley King, were continually in correspondence with him. He was interested in the explorations of Matthew Flinders, George Bass and Lieutenant James Grant, and among his paid helpers were George Caley, Robert Brown and Allan Cunningham.

[edit] Later life

Among other activities, Banks found time to served as a trustee of the British Museum for 42 years.[5]

Banks' house became the office of the Zoological Society of LondonBanks worked with Sir Goerge Staunton in producing the official account of the British mission to the Chinese Imperial court. This diplomatic and trade mission was headed by Lord George Macartney. Although the Macartney Embassy returned to London without obtaining any concession from China, the mission could have been termed a success because it brought back detailed observations. This multi-volume work was taken chiefly from the papers of Lord Maccauley and from the papers of Sir Erasmus Gower, who was Commander of the expedition. Banks was responsible for selecting and arranging engraving of the illustrations in this official record.[6]

Banks's health began to fail early in the 19th century and he suffered from gout[4] every winter. After 1805 he practically lost the use of his legs and had to be wheeled to his meetings in a chair. His mind remained as vigorous as ever. He had been a member of the Society of Antiquaries nearly all his life, and he developed an interest in archaeology in his later years. He was made an honorary founding member of the Wernerian Natural History Society of Edinburgh in 1808. In May 1820 he forwarded his resignation as president of the Royal Society, but withdrew it at the request of the council. He died on 19 June 1820. Lady Banks survived him, but there were no children[4].

[edit] Legacy

Banks's impact on history was as a systematizer par excellence, very much in step with his times. He was also a major supporter of the internationalist nature of science, being actively involved both in keeping open the lines of communication with continental scientists during the Napoleonic Wars, and in introducing the British people to the wonders of the wider world. As befits someone with such a role in opening the South Pacific to Europe, his name dots the map of the region: Banks Peninsula on South Island, New Zealand; the Banks Islands in modern-day Vanuatu; and Banks Island in the Northwest Territories, Canada.

The Canberra suburb of Banks, the electoral Division of Banks, and the Sydney suburb of Bankstown are all named after him. Banks also appeared on the Australian currency paper $5 dollar note before it was replaced by the new plastic currency.

In Lincoln The Sir Joseph Banks Conservatory can be found at The Lawn, Lincoln adjacent to Lincoln Castle. The conservatory is a popular tourist attraction with a tropical hot house themed with plants reminiscent of the voyages of its namesake, including many samples of vegetation from across the world, including Australia. There is also a window in Lincoln Cathedral in his honour.

The standard author abbreviation Banks is used to indicate this individual as the author when citing a botanical name.[7]

[edit] Notes

^ O'Brian, Patrick. (1987). Joseph Banks: A Life. [Note: In O'Brian's Aubrey–Maturin series of novels, the author based the characters of Joseph Blaine and Stephen Maturin on Sir Joseph.]

^ O'Brian, P. 1987. Joseph Banks: A Life. Collins Harvill. ISBN 0-00-217350-6 p 23-24

^ John Gascoigne, Banks, Sir Joseph, baronet (1743–1820), Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, Sept 2004

^ a b c d e f g h L. A. Gilbert (1966). "Banks, Sir Joseph (1743 - 1820)". Australian Dictionary of Biography, Volume 1 pp 52-55. MUP. Retrieved on 2007-11-06.

^ Anderson, R. G. W. "Joseph Banks and the British Museum, The World of Collecting, 1770-1830," Journal of the History of Collections. Vol. 20: pp. 151-152 (2000).

^ Banks, Joseph. Papers of Sir Joseph Banks; Section 12: Lord Macartney’s embassy to China; Series 62: Papers concerning publication of the account of Lord Macartney's Embassy to China, ca 1797. [State Library of New South Wales.]

^ Brummitt, R. K.; C. E. Powell (1992). Authors of Plant Names. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. ISBN 1-84246-085-4.

[edit] References

[edit] Primary resource

Banks, Joseph. State Library of New South Wales. Papers of Sir Joseph Banks -- Section 1 - Journals; Section 2 - The first Pacific voyage of James Cook; Section 3 - The second Pacific voyage of James Cook; Section 4 - The third Pacific voyage of James Cook; Section 5 - Gardeners and collectors; Section 6 - Australia and the South Seas; Section 7 - Governors of New South Wales; Section 8 - The first breadfruit voyage of William Bligh; Section 9 - The second breadfruit voyage of William Bligh; Section 10 - Naval commands of William Bligh; Section 11 - The voyage of George Vancouver to the west coast of America; Section 12 - Lord Macartney’s embassy to China; Section 13 - The voyage of Matthew Flinders; Section 14 - The discovery of Pitcairn Island; Section 15 - General Correspondence and memoranda; Section 16 - Miscellaneous reports and articles; Section 17 - Lincolnshire; Section 18 - Sarah Sophia Banks; Section 19 - Dorothea, Lady Banks.

. National Library of Australia (NLA). Papers of Sir Joseph Banks

. The Endeavour Journal of Joseph Banks, 1768-1771. -- Wikisource

NLA: The Endeavour Journal of Joseph Banks, 1768-1771. State Library of New South Wales

NLA Banks' Descriptions in the Journal of Places and Peoples encountered during the Endeavour Voyage.

Chambers, Neil. (2000). The Letters of Sir Joseph Banks: A Selection, 1768-1820. Singapore: World Scientific. 10-ISBN 1-860-94204-0; 13-ISBN 978-1-860-94204-4

[edit] Secondary resources

Carter, Harold Burnell. (1988). Sir Joseph Banks, 1743-1820. London: British Museum of Natural History. 10-ISBN 0-565-00993-1; 13-ISBN 978-0-565-00993-9

Fara, Patricia. (2004). Sex, Botany & Empire: The Story Of Carl Linnaeus And Joseph Banks. New York: Columbia University Press. 10-ISBN 0-231-13426-6: 13-ISBN 978-0-231-13426-2

Gascoigne, John. (1994). Joseph Banks and the English Enlightenment: Useful Knowledge and Polite Culture. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 10-ISBN 0-521-45077-2; 13-ISBN 978-0521-45077-5 (cloth) -- 10-ISBN 0-521-54211-1; 13-ISBN 978-0-521-54211-1 (paper)

Gascoigne, John. (1998). Science in the Service of Empire: Joseph Banks, The British State and the Uses of Science in the Age of Revolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 10-ISBN 0-521-55069-6; 13-ISBN 978-0-521-55069-7 (cloth)

Kryza, Frank T. (207). The Race to Timbuktu: In Search of Africa's City of Gold. New York: HarperCollins. 10-ISBN 0-060-56065-7; 13-ISBN 978-0-060-56065-2

Lysaght, Averil M. (1971). Joseph Banks in Newfoundland and Labrador, 1766. Berkley: University of California Press. 10-ISBN 0-520-01780-3, 9780520017801

O'Brian, Patrick. 1993. Joseph Banks: A Life. London: David R. Godine, 1993. 10-ISBN 0-879-23930-1; 13-ISBN 978-0-879-23930-5 (cloth)]; [reprinted by University of Chicago Press, 1997. 10-ISBN 0-226-61628-2; 13-ISBN 978-0-226-61628-5 (paper)]

__. 1987. Sir Joseph Banks. London: Harvill Press. 10-ISBN 0-002-72340-9; 13-ISBN 978-0-002-72340-4 (paper)

[edit] Select unpublished monographs

1821 - A. Duncan, A Short Account of the Life of the Right Honourable Sir Joseph Banks (University of Edinburgh, UK)

1936 - G. Mackaness, Sir Joseph Banks. His Relations with Australia (University of Sydney, Australia)

1952 - H. C. Cameron, Sir Joseph Banks, K.B., P.R.S.; the Autocrat of the Philosophers (University of London, UK)

1958 - W. R. Dawson (ed), The Banks Letters (University of London, UK)

1962 - L. A. Gilbert, Botanical Investigation of Eastern Seaboard Australia, 1788-1810 (B.A. thesis, University of New England, Australia)

1964 - H. B. Carter, His Majesty's Spanish Flock: Sir Joseph Banks and the Merinos of George III of England (University of Sydney, Australia)

[edit] Fiction

Novels based on a mix of historical fact and conjecture about Banks' early life.

Davies, Martin. (2005). The Conjurer's Bird. New York: Shaye Areheart/Random House. 10-ISBN 1-400-09733-9; 13-ISBN 978-1-400-09733-3

O'Brian, Patrick. Aubrey–Maturin series.

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